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19. Ibid:174.
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21. Record number of drugs registered. Dawn, Karachi, 1996, Apr 26.
22. López R. Personal communication 1997 June.
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24. Sasich L. Personal Communication. July 1997.
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26. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Draft Guidance for Industry: Consumer-Directed Broadcast Advertisements; Federal Register 1997 Aug 12;62(155):43171-3.
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28. Wolfe SM. Why do American drug companies spend more than $12 billion a year pushing drugs? Is it education or promotion? J Gen Intern Med 1996;11:637-9.
29. US DTC campaigns - Caverject, Effexor. Scrip 1997 Feb 21;2208:14.
30. New US direct-to-consumer campaigns. Scrip 1997 Apr 8;2221:15.
31. Advertisement for misoprostol (Cytotec).The Health Journal, 1997 March/April; Family Practice, 1996 Sept.
32. Advertisement for Fosamax. South Bend Tribune, 1997April 20.
33. Therapeutics Initiative, University of British Columbia. Therapeutics Letter 14, 1996 May/June/July.
34. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. The menopause, hormone therapy and women's health, OTA-BP-BA-88, Washington, US Government Printing Office, May 1992:38.
35. Fosamax ADR warning in US. Scrip 1996 April 2;2116:21.
36. Fosamax - place in therapy uncertain. Scrip 1996 Mar 26;2114:19.
37. FDA panel backs broad Fosamax indication. Scrip 1997 Feb 28;2210:18.
38. Alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1997;334(11):733.
39. Elliott S. Anti-depressant makes sunny pitch to public. International Herald Tribune, 1997 July 2.
40. Advertisement for Prozac. Cosmopolitan.1997 Sept.
41. Burton TM, Ono Y. Campaign for Prozac targets consumers. Wall Street Journal. 1997 July 1.
42. Gelles J. Critics warn ads for prescription drugs are flawed. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1997 Aug 18.
43. Basara LR. Direct-to-consumer advertising: today's issues and tomorrow's outlook. Journal of Drug Issues 1992; 22(2):317-330.
44. Ibid.
45. Schering-Plough is told to halt Clarintin TV ads, Wall Street Journal. 1997 Aug 22:14.
46. WHO. 1988, op cit:8.
47. Ibid:9.
48. Gelles J. 1997 op cit.
49. EC Commission to revisit DTC advertising ban. Scrip 1997 May 20;2233:3.
50. Lexchin J. 1997 op cit.
51. Drugs Directorate Renewal Project D-18: Advertising. Appendix 3: survey of print advertising to the consumer. 1994 Oct.
52. Kline S. Prescription drug advertising. Communicating risk, benefit, and cost of pharmaceuticals. Proceedings of an invitational workshop. 1992 Feb 24.; Vancouver. Ottawa. Canadian Public Health Association, 1992.
53. Drug advertising: Is this good medicine? Consumer Reports 1996 June:62.
54. Lexchin J. 1997 op cit.
55. Rachlis M, Kushner C. Strong Medicine: How to Save Canada's Health Care System. HarperCollins, 1994.
56. Ukens C. Consumer advertising found to pack prescribing punch. Drug Topics 1992;136 (21):24-26.
57. Schwartz RK, Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Physician motivations for nonscientific drug prescribing. Soc Sci Med 1989; 28:577-582.
58. Sasich L. False and misleading promotion of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) nabumetone (Relafen). Worst Pills Best Pills News. Public Citizen Health Research Group. 1997 April.
59. Ibid.
60. Askine MW, Regulatory Review officer, Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising and Communications. Letter to Kathleen J Day, Director, Labeling & Promotion, Pharmacia and Upjohn Company. NDA #20-379. April 28, 1997.
61. Naeem S. Direct promotion to patients? Network of Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan. The Network Newsletter; 1996 Sept; 5(3).
62. Ibid.
63. Self-medication increasing in India. Scrip 1997 May 27/30; 2235/6:16.
64. Sweet M.Healthy profits: An overview of promotion in Australia (part 1). MaLAM International News. MaLAM. 1997 July/Aug, 15(7/8):3
65. Wright M. 1-800: is anyone listening. A prescription for effective pharmaceutical database marketing. Strategy, 1997 Jan 20.
66. PhRMA to continue ad campaign. Scrip 1997 Feb 28;2210:14.
67. America's Pharmaceutical Research Companies. New Hope for Depression and Other Mental Illnesses. PhRMA, 1996.
68. Ibid.
69. Therapeutics Initiative 1996 op cit.
70. Ibid.
71. Mintzes B. 1996 op cit.
72. Thomson C. Woke up this morning feelin' so blue. Took an antidepressant but what'll it do? The Bulletin, 1997 June 5:24-31.
73. Aizsilniece I. Personal communication, 1997 Dec.
74. Good manners for the pharmaceutical industry. The Lancet 1997; 349(9066):1635.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Gorman C. Oh, My Aching Head! Time Magazine, 1997 June 30:44.
78. Advertisements by AMIF. La Jornada, 1996 Nov/Dec.
79. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association of Canada. Towards a better informed consumer of prescription medicines; 1997 Dec; http://www.pmac-acim.org.
80. Gilbert D, Chetley A. New trends in drug promotion. Consumer Policy Review 1996; 6(5):165.
81. Reinstein J. World Federation of Proprietary Medicine Manufacturers. In Report of the 1994 World Health Assembly. WHO; A47/A/SR/6:11.
82. Kaldeway H. A searching look at advertisements. London, International Organisation of Consumers Unions (IOCU), 1994.
83. OTCs - smaller companies squeezed. Managed Care Europe, 1997 May.
84. Mintzes B, Hodgkin C. The consumer movement: from single-issue campaigns to long-term reform. In: Davis P (ed) Contested ground: public purpose and private interest in the regulation of prescription drugs. Oxford University Press, 1996.
85. Balasubramaniam K. Herbal remedies: consumer protection concerns. International Symposium on Herbal Medicines, 1997 June 1-4; Honolulu.
86. DHEA (100% Dehydroepiandroesterona); Bio Research Institute; flyer at Gigante supermarket drugstores, 1997 July, Mexico.
87. Natu-Sex: El revitalizador sexual natural. Bio Research Institute; flyer at Gigante supermarket drugstores, 1997, July, Mexico.
88. Balasubramaniam K. 1997 op cit.
89. Scammell G. Infertility. No. 10 in a series. Women's Health Concern, UK, 1992.
90. British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary 1997 Mar;33:319.
91. St. Pierre M. Personal communication. 1997 May.
92. Martens J. Personal communication. 1997 May.
93. Martens J. In: Nunn J. At what price? Marketplace. [audio-video recording] CBC TV. Toronto, 1997 Nov 11.
94. Nainggolan L. Carving a niche in the migraine market. Scrip Magazine. 1997 June:20.
95. Nainggolan L. Obesity is worst chronic health problem. Scrip 1997 June 27;2244:25.
96. Rennie D. Thyroid storm. JAMA 1997;277(15):1238-1243.
97. Bone tests boost Merck's Fosamax. Scrip. 1997 Mar 18, 2215:17.
98. Hailey D, Sampietro-Colom L, Marshall D et al. INAHTA project on bone density measurement and treatments for osteoporosis: Statement of findings. Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; September 1996.
99. Questions on US growth charity. Scrip. 1994 Aug 10;1960;19.
100. Coste J, Letrait M, Carel JC et al. Long term results of growth hormone treatment in France in children of short stature: population, register based study. BMJ 1997;315:708-13.
101. Miller MW. Creating a buzz: with remedy in hand, drug firms get ready to popularize illness. Wall Street Journal, 1994 April 27.
102. Thomson C. 1997 op cit.
103. Willis J. You and patients can pull together. Pharmaceutical Marketing, 1997 July:26.
104. Ibid.
105. UK National Osteoporosis Society. Guidelines re: Liaison between the National Osteoporosis Society and pharmaceutical companies and their agents, 1997.
106. Gilbert D, Chetley A. 1996 op cit.
107. Milmo S. A matter of patients. Pharmaceutical Visions 1996; 5(1):68-72.
108. Ibid.
109. WHO 1988;op cit:5.
110. WHO 1988;op cit:6.
111. Gilbert D, Chetley A. 1996 op cit.
112. European Public Health Alliance. Commercial sponsorship and NGOs. Brussels, 1996.
113. Wynn HA, Long A. Patient awareness of the adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42:253-256.
114. Mintzes B. Teaching pupils about medicines. Has the new French initiative got it right? WHO Essential Drugs Monitor 1996;21:15.
115. WHO 1988 op cit:11-12.
116. US Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: Industry-supported scientific and educational activities. Office of Policy. November 1997.(http:www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm).
117. Company faces Internet inquiry in UK. Scrip 1996 Sept 13;2163:4.
118. Chetley A. Problem drugs, Zed Books and HAI, London, 1995; 18.
119. WHO to look at Internet pharmaceuticals trade. Scrip 1997 May 23;2234:14.
120. Ibid.
121. The web of information inequality. [editorial] The Lancet; 1997;349:1781.
122. Rhein RW.1996 op cit.
123. Ibid.
124. FDA Internet Mtg Ref to Come, should be same as 123.
125. US Congress Office of Technology Assessment. Drug Labeling in Developing Countries. OTA-H-464, Washington DC, US Govt Printing Office, Feb 1993.
126. FDA Internet Mtg Ref., same as 123-24
127. Tanaka T. Dealing with the deluge of marketing data. Scrip Magazine Suppl. 1997 June; 6-7.
128. World Health Organization. Cross-border advertising, promotion and sale of medical products using the Internet. WHA Resolution 50.4, 1997 May 12.
129. World Health Organization. Cross-border advertising, promotion and sale of medical products using the Internet. The report of the ad hoc working group on cross-border promotion, advertising and sale of medical products using the Internet. Sept 1997 (Draft Report).
130. WHO 1988 op cit.
131. Devlin J, Helmsley P. 1997 op cit.
132. Lexchin J. What information do physicians receive from pharmaceutical representatives? Can Fam Phys 1997;43:941-945.
133. Becel B, Bardelay D, 't Hoen E. A french physician's network monitoring medical representatives. La revue Prescrire, 1997; Bardelay D, Bécel D, Visits from medical representatives: fine principles, poor practice. Prescrire International 1995; 4(18):120-122.
134. Lexchin J. 1997 op cit.
135. Roughead L. The pharmaceutical representative and medical practitioner encounter: Implications for quality use of medicines. [M.Sc. thesis] School of Pharmacy, University of South Australia, 1996.
136. Becel B, Bardelay D, 't Hoen E. 1997 op cit.
137. Talbot-Montgomery. Evaluating marketing measures in Eastern Europe. Scrip Magazine. 1997 Feb:31-32.
138. Nordic Council on Medicines. NLN Baltic Conference [meeting report];44, Riga, 1997.
139. Saab B. Personal communication, 1997 Sept; Beirut.
140. Offerhaus L. Personal communication, 1997 Sept; Amsterdam.
141. British Columbia Ministry of Health. Government acts to prohibit sale of prescription information.[News release] 1996 April 11; posted on: http://www.hlth.gov.bc.ca/cpa/newsrel/1997/087.html.
142. Wysong P. Drug companies getting hands on physicians' prescribing habits. The Medical Post. 1996 April 9.
143. Robb N. Sale of prescribing data by pharmacists causes growing concern among physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1996;154(1):1747-49.
144. Ibid.
145. Tanaka T. 1997 op cit.
146. O'Harrow R. Prescription sales, privacy fears; CVS, Giant share customer records with drug marketing firm. The Washington Post, 1998 Feb 15;SectA:1.
147. Promoting health in developing countries? Parke Davis offers free wine with Sinutab in Peru. Worst Pills Best Pills News. Public Citizen Health Research Group, US; 1995 Sept:3-4.
148. Ibid.
149. Advertisement for Fattaché, Gigante supermarket chain drugstores, 1997 July, Mexico City.
150. Keating P. Why you may be getting the wrong medicine. Money Magazine 1997 June: 142-157.
151. National Consumer Council. Disease Management and EL (94)94, PD 53/H/96; 1996 Nov,
152. Keating P.1997 op cit.
153. Ibid.
154. Managed care spurs industry growth. Scrip 1997 April 25;2226:14.
155. Ibid.
156. Keating P. 1997 op cit:144.
157. Ibid.
158. Keating P. 1997 op cit:154.
159. Keating P. 1997 op cit:147.
160. Firshein J. Drug firm buys up chain of US cancer clinics. The Lancet 1997;349:1230.
161. Peny J, Dugue M. Disease management opportunities in France. Scrip Magazine 1997 June;56.
162. National Consumer Council. 1996 op cit.
163. UK pilot disease management scheme. Scrip 1997 June 3;2237:3.
164. Dinsdale P. Glaxo Wellcome to work with UK health authority. Scrip 1997 June 24;2243:5.
165. Health Education Authority. Promoting health in partnership with the Health Education Authority: an invitation to the pharmaceutical industry, London, 1997.
166. JPMA trial payment guidelines. Scrip 1995 March 10;2006:19.
167. Rennie D. 1997 op cit.
168. Ibid.
169. Horton R. Sponsorship, authorship, and a tale of two media. The Lancet 1997;349:1411.
170. Bero LA, Rennie D. Influences on the quality of published drug studies. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 1996;12:209-237.
171. Stelfox HT, Chua G, O'Rourke K, Detsky AS. Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. N Eng J Med 1998;338(2).
172. Immen W. Heart-drug supporters financed by makers; study links research to doctors' funding. The Globe and Mail (Toronto, Ontario) 1998 Jan 8;A6.
173. Lexchin J. Is there a bias in industry supported clinical research? Can J Clin Pharmacol 1995;2(1):15-18.
174. Dieppe PA, Frankel SJ, Toth B. Is research into the treatment of osteoarthritis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs misdirected? The Lancet 1993;341:353-4.
175. Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Simms RW et al. A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:157-163.
176. Evans R. Manufacturing consensus, marketing truth: guidelines for economic evaluation. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995;123:59-60.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid.
179. Task Force on Principles for Economic Analysis of Health Care Technology. Economic analysis of health care technology. A report on principles. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995;123:61-70.
180. Evans R. 1995 op cit.
181. Coyle D, Drummond M. Does expenditure on pharmaceuticals give good value for money?: current evidence and policy implications. Health Policy 1993;26:55-75.
182. Ibid.
183. Ibid.
184. Berger P. The industry is acting improperly in promoting HIV drugs. The Globe & Mail 1997 March 20:A19.
185. Chetley A, Mintzes B, editors Promoting Health or Pushing Drugs? A critical examination of marketing of pharmaceuticals. Health Action International, Amsterdam, 1992.
186. Lexchin J. Deception by design: pharmaceutical promotion in the third world. Consumers International, Malaysia, 1995.
187. Lomas J. Retailing research: increasing the role of evidence in clinical services for childbirth. Milbank.Q 1994;71:439-475.
188. Balasubramaniam K. Personal communication, 1997 July.
189. Mansfield P. Personal communication, 1997 July.
190. Lexchin J. Personal communication, 1997 Aug.
191. Vitry A. Personal communication, 1997 Aug.
192. Lexchin J. Pharmaceutical promotion in the third world. Journal of Drug Issues 1992;22(2):417-422.
193. World Health Organization.The use of essential drugs. Model list of essential drugs. Ninth list, seventh report of the WHO expert committee, technical report series no. 867, 1997.
194. Morris LA, Griffin JP. 1992 op cit.